਀吀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀  ㄀㤀㤀㜀 㰀⼀栀㈀㸀

John E. Walker

਀

The 1997 Nobel prize for Chemistry has been awarded to 3 biochemists for the study of the important biological molecule, adenosine triphosphate. This makes it a fitting molecule with which to begin the 1998 collection of Molecule's of the Month. Other versions of this page are: a Chime version and a Chemsymphony version.਀䄀吀倀 ⴀ 一愀琀甀爀攀✀猀 䔀渀攀爀最礀 匀琀漀爀攀㰀椀洀最 愀氀椀最渀㴀爀椀最栀琀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀㈀ 猀爀挀㴀∀㄀⸀最椀昀∀㸀

਀䄀氀氀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀椀渀最猀Ⰰ 瀀氀愀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 愀渀椀洀愀氀猀Ⰰ 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀 愀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀愀氀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 漀昀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀猀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 欀攀攀瀀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀洀 愀氀椀瘀攀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 漀挀挀甀爀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 琀栀攀 洀攀琀愀戀漀氀椀猀洀 漀昀 昀漀漀搀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀礀渀琀栀攀猀椀猀 漀昀 氀愀爀最攀Ⰰ 戀椀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀氀礀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀Ⰰ 攀⸀最⸀ 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀 愀渀搀 䐀一䄀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 漀昀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 椀漀渀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀洀⸀ 伀琀栀攀爀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 漀挀挀甀爀 漀渀氀礀 愀琀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀 琀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 洀甀猀挀氀攀 挀漀渀琀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀攀氀氀甀氀愀爀 洀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀猀⸀ 䄀渀椀洀愀氀猀 漀戀琀愀椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀渀攀爀最礀 戀礀 漀砀椀搀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀漀漀搀猀Ⰰ 瀀氀愀渀琀猀 搀漀 猀漀 戀礀 琀爀愀瀀瀀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀甀渀氀椀最栀琀 甀猀椀渀最 挀栀氀漀爀漀瀀栀礀氀氀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 攀渀攀爀最礀 挀愀渀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 愀 昀漀爀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀洀 挀愀渀 栀愀渀搀氀攀 攀愀猀椀氀礀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 挀愀爀爀椀攀爀 漀昀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀猀 琀栀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 愀搀攀渀漀猀椀渀攀 琀爀椀瀀栀漀猀瀀栀愀琀攀Ⰰ 漀爀 䄀吀倀⸀

਀ Its Structure਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a sugar molecule, ribose (the same sugar that forms the basis of DNA). Attached to one side of this is a base (a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in this case the base is adenine. The other side of the sugar is attached to a string of phosphate groups. These phosphates are the key to the activity of ATP.਀ ਀ ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀 ਀㰀瀀㸀 ਀㰀椀洀最 愀氀椀最渀㴀爀椀最栀琀 猀爀挀㴀∀㌀⸀最椀昀∀㸀 ਀

਀䠀漀眀 椀琀 眀漀爀欀猀

਀䄀吀倀 眀漀爀欀猀 戀礀 氀漀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀渀搀洀漀猀琀 瀀栀漀猀瀀栀愀琀攀 最爀漀甀瀀 眀栀攀渀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 搀漀 猀漀 戀礀 愀渀 攀渀稀礀洀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀猀 愀 氀漀琀 漀昀 攀渀攀爀最礀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀洀 挀愀渀 琀栀攀渀 甀猀攀 琀漀 戀甀椀氀搀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀Ⰰ 挀漀渀琀愀挀琀 洀甀猀挀氀攀猀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 椀猀 愀搀攀渀漀猀椀渀攀 搀椀瀀栀漀猀瀀栀愀琀攀 ⠀䄀䐀倀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀栀漀猀瀀栀愀琀攀 最爀漀甀瀀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 攀渀搀猀 甀瀀 愀猀 漀爀琀栀漀瀀栀漀猀瀀栀愀琀攀 ⠀䠀倀伀㐀⤀ 漀爀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 琀漀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 ⠀攀⸀最⸀ 愀渀 愀氀挀漀栀漀氀⤀⸀ 䔀瘀攀渀 洀漀爀攀 攀渀攀爀最礀 挀愀渀 戀攀 攀砀琀爀愀挀琀攀搀 戀礀 爀攀洀漀瘀椀渀最 愀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 瀀栀漀猀瀀栀愀琀攀 最爀漀甀瀀 琀漀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 愀搀攀渀漀猀椀渀攀 洀漀渀漀瀀栀漀猀瀀栀愀琀攀 ⠀䄀䴀倀⤀⸀

਀ ਀圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀洀 椀猀 爀攀猀琀椀渀最 愀渀搀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀猀 渀漀琀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 渀攀攀搀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀瘀攀爀猀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 琀愀欀攀猀 瀀氀愀挀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀栀漀猀瀀栀愀琀攀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀猀 爀攀愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 甀猀椀渀最 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀戀琀愀椀渀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 昀漀漀搀 漀爀 猀甀渀氀椀最栀琀⸀ 吀栀甀猀 琀栀攀 䄀吀倀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 愀挀琀猀 愀猀 愀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 ✀戀愀琀琀攀爀礀✀Ⰰ 猀琀漀爀椀渀最 攀渀攀爀最礀 眀栀攀渀 椀琀 椀猀 渀漀琀 渀攀攀搀攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀 椀琀 椀渀猀琀愀渀琀氀礀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀洀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀猀 椀琀⸀

਀ The Phosphorus Cycle਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 The fact that ATP is Nature's 'universal energy store' explains why phosphates are a vital ingredient in the diets of all living things. Modern fertilizers often contain phosphorus compounds that have been extracted from animal bones. These compounds are used by plants to make ATP. We then eat the plants, metabolise their phosphorus, and produce our own ATP. When we die, our phosphorus goes back into the ecosystem to begin the cycle again...਀㰀⼀瀀㸀 ਀ ਀ ਀䤀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 椀渀 䠀愀氀椀昀愀砀Ⰰ 夀漀爀欀猀栀椀爀攀 漀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 㜀琀栀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㐀㄀ 琀漀 吀栀漀洀愀猀 䔀爀渀攀猀琀 圀愀氀欀攀爀 愀渀搀 䔀氀猀椀攀 圀愀氀欀攀爀 ⠀渀攀 䰀愀眀琀漀渀⤀⸀ 䴀礀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 眀愀猀 愀 猀琀漀渀攀 洀愀猀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀 琀愀氀攀渀琀攀搀 愀洀愀琀攀甀爀 瀀椀愀渀椀猀琀 愀渀搀 瘀漀挀愀氀椀猀琀⸀ 䤀 眀愀猀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 甀瀀 眀椀琀栀 洀礀 琀眀漀 礀漀甀渀最攀爀 猀椀猀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 䨀甀搀椀琀栀 愀渀搀 䨀攀渀渀椀昀攀爀Ⰰ 椀渀 愀 爀甀爀愀氀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 漀瘀攀爀氀漀漀欀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䌀愀氀搀攀爀 瘀愀氀氀攀礀 渀攀愀爀 䔀氀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 椀渀 刀愀猀琀爀椀挀欀⸀ 䤀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 愀渀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 愀琀 刀愀猀琀爀椀挀欀 䜀爀愀洀洀愀爀 匀挀栀漀漀氀Ⰰ 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀椀稀椀渀最 椀渀 倀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 䴀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 琀栀爀攀攀 礀攀愀爀猀⸀ 䤀 眀愀猀 愀 欀攀攀渀 猀瀀漀爀琀猀洀愀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 挀愀瀀琀愀椀渀 椀渀 猀漀挀挀攀爀 愀渀搀 挀爀椀挀欀攀琀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㘀　Ⰰ 䤀 眀攀渀琀 琀漀 匀琀⸀ 䌀愀琀栀攀爀椀渀攀✀猀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀Ⰰ 伀砀昀漀爀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 䈀⸀䄀⸀ 搀攀最爀攀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㐀⸀

਀䤀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㔀Ⰰ 䤀 戀攀最愀渀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 漀渀 瀀攀瀀琀椀搀攀 愀渀琀椀戀椀漀琀椀挀猀 眀椀琀栀 䔀⸀ 倀⸀ 䄀戀爀愀栀愀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀椀爀 圀椀氀氀椀愀渀 䐀甀渀渀 匀挀栀漀漀氀 漀昀 倀愀琀栀漀氀漀最礀Ⰰ 伀砀昀漀爀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 愀眀愀爀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 䐀⸀ 倀栀椀氀⸀ 搀攀最爀攀攀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㤀⸀ 䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀Ⰰ 䤀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀眀愀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀攀挀琀愀挀甀氀愀爀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㤀㔀　猀 愀渀搀 攀愀爀氀礀 ㄀㤀㘀　猀 椀渀 䴀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䈀椀漀氀漀最礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀洀攀猀 漀渀 䈀䈀䌀 琀攀氀攀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 最椀瘀攀渀 戀礀 䨀漀栀渀 䬀攀渀搀爀攀眀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㘀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 ∀吀栀攀 吀栀爀攀愀搀 漀昀 䰀椀昀攀∀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀洀攀猀 洀愀搀攀 愀 氀愀猀琀椀渀最 椀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀渀 洀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀愀搀攀 洀攀 眀愀渀琀 琀漀 欀渀漀眀 洀漀爀攀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀⸀ 吀眀漀 戀漀漀欀猀Ⰰ ∀䴀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䈀椀漀氀漀最礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀攀渀攀∀ 戀礀 䨀⸀ 䐀⸀ 圀愀琀猀漀渀Ⰰ 昀椀爀猀琀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㔀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䠀愀礀攀猀✀ ∀䈀愀挀琀攀爀椀愀氀 䜀攀渀攀琀椀挀猀∀ 栀攀氀瀀攀搀 琀漀 愀猀猀甀愀最攀 洀礀 愀瀀瀀攀琀椀琀攀 昀漀爀 洀漀爀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀礀 欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 渀攀眀 昀椀攀氀搀 眀愀猀 攀砀琀攀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 攀砀挀椀琀椀渀最 氀攀挀琀甀爀攀猀 昀漀爀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 漀渀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 最椀瘀攀渀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㘀 戀礀 䐀愀瘀椀搀 倀栀椀氀氀椀瀀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 渀攀眀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 漀昀 䴀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䈀椀漀瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀 愀琀 伀砀昀漀爀搀⸀ 䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 氀攀挀琀甀爀攀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 戀礀 䠀攀渀爀礀 䠀愀爀爀椀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 漀昀 倀愀琀栀漀氀漀最礀 愀渀搀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 戀漀漀欀 昀漀爀洀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 ∀一甀挀氀攀甀猀 愀渀搀 䌀礀琀漀瀀氀愀猀洀∀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 洀漀爀攀 昀漀漀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀⸀

਀吀栀攀渀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 愀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 昀椀瘀攀 礀攀愀爀猀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 愀戀爀漀愀搀Ⰰ 昀爀漀洀 ㄀㤀㘀㤀ⴀ㄀㤀㜀㄀Ⰰ 昀椀爀猀琀 愀琀 吀栀攀 匀挀栀漀漀氀 漀昀 倀栀愀爀洀愀挀礀 愀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 圀椀猀挀漀渀猀椀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 昀爀漀洀 ㄀㤀㜀㄀ⴀ㄀㤀㜀㐀 椀渀 䘀爀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 戀礀 䘀攀氀氀漀眀猀栀椀瀀猀 昀爀漀洀 一䄀吀伀 愀渀搀 䔀䴀䈀伀Ⰰ 昀椀爀猀琀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䌀一刀匀 愀琀 䜀椀昀ⴀ猀甀爀ⴀ夀瘀攀琀琀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀 倀愀猀琀攀甀爀⸀

਀䨀甀猀琀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 䔀愀猀琀攀爀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㜀㐀Ⰰ 䤀 愀琀琀攀渀搀攀搀 愀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 眀漀爀欀猀栀漀瀀 椀渀 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀 攀渀琀椀琀氀攀搀 ∀匀攀焀甀攀渀挀攀 䄀渀愀氀礀猀椀猀 漀昀 倀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀∀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 猀瀀漀渀猀漀爀攀搀 戀礀 䔀䴀䈀伀 ⠀吀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 䴀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䈀椀漀氀漀最礀 伀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀攀搀 戀礀 䤀攀甀愀渀 䠀愀爀爀椀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䴀攀搀椀挀愀氀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 䌀漀甀渀挀椀氀✀猀 䰀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 䴀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 䈀椀漀氀漀最礀 ⠀䰀䴀䈀⤀ 愀渀搀 戀礀 刀椀挀栀愀爀搀 倀攀爀栀愀洀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䈀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀⸀ 䄀琀 琀栀攀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀搀 戀愀渀焀甀攀琀Ⰰ 䤀 昀漀甀渀搀 洀礀猀攀氀昀 猀椀琀琀椀渀最 渀攀砀琀 琀漀 猀漀洀攀漀渀攀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 栀愀搀 渀漀琀 洀攀琀 瀀爀攀瘀椀漀甀猀氀礀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 琀甀爀渀攀搀 漀甀琀 琀漀 戀攀 䘀爀攀搀 匀愀渀最攀爀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 漀昀 漀甀爀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 栀攀 愀猀欀攀搀 椀昀 䤀 栀愀搀 琀栀漀甀最栀琀 愀戀漀甀琀 挀漀洀椀渀最 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 眀漀爀欀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀⸀ 䤀 樀甀洀瀀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 猀甀最最攀猀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 猀漀洀攀 琀爀攀瀀椀搀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀攀搀 䤀攀甀愀渀 䠀愀爀爀椀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 洀礀 樀漀椀渀椀渀最 栀椀猀 最爀漀甀瀀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 䘀爀攀搀 匀愀渀最攀爀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 愀最爀攀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 䤀 挀漀甀氀搀 挀漀洀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 倀爀漀琀攀椀渀 愀渀搀 一甀挀氀攀椀挀 䄀挀椀搀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 ⠀倀一䄀䌀⤀ 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䰀䴀䈀 昀漀爀 琀栀爀攀攀 洀漀渀琀栀猀 昀爀漀洀 䨀甀渀攀 ㄀㤀㜀㐀⸀ 䴀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 ㈀㌀ 礀攀愀爀猀 氀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 䤀 愀洀 猀琀椀氀氀 琀栀攀爀攀⸀

਀䤀琀 最漀攀猀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 猀愀礀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 攀渀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 䘀爀攀搀 匀愀渀最攀爀 愀渀搀 䤀攀甀愀渀 䠀愀爀爀椀猀 琀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀攀搀 洀礀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 挀愀爀攀攀爀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㜀㐀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䰀䴀䈀 眀愀猀 椀渀昀甀猀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 椀琀猀 琀栀爀攀攀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀瀀椀爀椀琀 漀昀 攀渀琀栀甀猀椀愀猀洀 愀渀搀 攀砀挀椀琀攀洀攀渀琀 昀漀爀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀渀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 戀椀漀氀漀最礀 氀攀搀 戀礀 䴀愀砀 倀攀爀甀琀稀 ⠀琀栀攀 䌀栀愀椀爀洀愀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䰀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀⤀Ⰰ 䘀爀攀搀 匀愀渀最攀爀Ⰰ 䄀愀爀漀渀 䬀氀甀最Ⰰ 䘀爀愀渀挀椀猀 䌀爀椀挀欀Ⰰ 匀椀搀渀攀礀 䈀爀攀渀渀攀爀Ⰰ 䠀甀最栀 䠀甀砀氀攀礀Ⰰ 䨀漀栀渀 匀洀椀琀栀 愀渀搀 䌀猀愀爀 䴀椀氀猀琀攀椀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 挀漀甀瀀氀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 攀砀琀爀愀漀爀搀椀渀愀爀礀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀⸀ 䘀漀爀 攀砀愀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 愀氀漀渀最 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀椀搀漀爀 昀爀漀洀 洀礀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 䘀爀攀搀 眀愀猀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀椀渀最 栀椀猀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀 昀漀爀 猀攀焀甀攀渀挀椀渀最 䐀一䄀Ⰰ 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀椀搀漀爀 䌀猀愀爀 䴀椀氀猀琀攀椀渀 愀渀搀 䜀攀漀爀最攀猀 䬀栀氀攀爀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀瘀攀渀琀椀渀最 洀漀渀漀挀氀漀渀愀氀 愀渀琀椀戀漀搀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 攀氀猀攀眀栀攀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀甀椀氀搀椀渀最Ⰰ 䘀爀愀渀挀椀猀 䌀爀椀挀欀 愀渀搀 䄀愀爀漀渀 䬀氀甀最 愀渀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀氀氀攀愀最甀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀瘀攀愀氀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀猀 漀昀 挀栀爀漀洀愀琀椀渀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀 刀一䄀⸀ 䘀爀攀搀✀猀 渀攀眀 䐀一䄀 猀攀焀甀攀渀挀椀渀最 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀 眀攀爀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 戀愀挀琀攀爀椀漀瀀栀愀最攀猀 昀堀㄀㜀㐀 愀渀搀 䜀㐀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 琀漀 䐀一䄀 昀爀漀洀 栀甀洀愀渀 愀渀搀 戀漀瘀椀渀攀 洀椀琀漀挀栀漀渀搀爀椀愀⸀ 䤀 愀渀愀氀礀稀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀攀焀甀攀渀挀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀 昀爀漀洀 䜀㐀 愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 洀椀琀漀挀栀漀渀搀爀椀愀 甀猀椀渀最 搀椀爀攀挀琀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 氀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 琀爀椀瀀氀攀 漀瘀攀爀氀愀瀀瀀椀渀最 最攀渀攀猀 椀渀 䜀㐀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀氀氀 琀栀爀攀攀 䐀一䄀 瀀栀愀猀攀猀 攀渀挀漀搀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 琀栀愀琀 猀甀戀甀渀椀琀猀 䤀 愀渀搀 䤀䤀 漀昀 挀礀琀漀挀栀爀漀洀攀 挀 漀砀椀搀愀猀攀 眀攀爀攀 攀渀挀漀搀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䐀一䄀 椀渀 洀椀琀漀挀栀漀渀搀爀椀愀⸀ 䰀愀琀攀爀 漀渀Ⰰ 䤀 栀攀氀瀀攀搀 琀漀 甀渀挀漀瘀攀爀 搀攀琀愀椀氀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀搀椀昀椀攀搀 最攀渀攀琀椀挀 挀漀搀攀 椀渀 洀椀琀漀挀栀漀渀搀爀椀愀⸀

਀䤀渀 ㄀㤀㜀㠀Ⰰ 䤀 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀漀 愀瀀瀀氀礀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀 琀漀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀椀渀猀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀攀洀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 戀漀琀栀 愀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最椀渀最 愀渀搀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 愀爀攀愀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 猀攀愀爀挀栀 漀昀 愀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 琀漀瀀椀挀Ⰰ 䤀 爀攀愀搀 琀栀攀 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀氀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀猀 漀昀 漀砀椀搀愀琀椀瘀攀 瀀栀漀猀瀀栀漀爀礀氀愀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 椀渀渀攀爀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀猀 漀昀 洀椀琀漀挀栀漀渀搀爀椀愀 眀攀爀攀 欀渀漀眀渀 琀漀 戀攀 氀愀爀最攀 洀攀洀戀爀愀渀攀 戀漀甀渀搀 洀甀氀琀椀ⴀ猀甀戀甀渀椀琀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀攀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 搀攀猀瀀椀琀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 栀愀爀搀氀礀 愀琀 愀氀氀 昀爀漀洀 愀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀愀氀 瀀漀椀渀琀 漀昀 瘀椀攀眀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 礀攀愀爀Ⰰ 䤀 戀攀最愀渀 愀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀愀氀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀吀倀 猀礀渀琀栀愀猀攀 昀爀漀洀 戀漀瘀椀渀攀 栀攀愀爀琀 洀椀琀漀挀栀漀渀搀爀椀愀 愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 攀甀戀愀挀琀攀爀椀愀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 爀攀猀甀氀琀攀搀 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 椀渀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 猀攀焀甀攀渀挀攀 愀渀愀氀礀猀椀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 昀爀漀洀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 猀瀀攀挀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀琀漀洀椀挀 爀攀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䘀 挀愀琀愀氀礀琀椀挀 搀漀洀愀椀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀渀稀礀洀攀 昀爀漀洀 戀漀瘀椀渀攀 洀椀琀漀挀栀漀渀搀爀椀愀Ⰰ 最椀瘀椀渀最 渀攀眀 椀渀猀椀最栀琀猀 椀渀琀漀 栀漀眀 䄀吀倀 椀猀 洀愀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀椀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 眀漀爀氀搀⸀ 䴀椀挀栀愀攀氀 刀甀渀猀眀椀挀欀 栀愀猀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 挀氀漀猀攀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 洀攀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀椀猀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀愀猀 洀愀搀攀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 愀氀氀 愀猀瀀攀挀琀猀 漀昀 漀甀爀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀⸀

਀䤀渀 ㄀㤀㔀㤀Ⰰ 䤀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 䄀⸀ 吀⸀ 䌀氀愀礀 䜀漀氀搀 䴀攀搀愀氀⸀ 䤀 眀愀猀 愀眀愀爀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 䨀漀栀渀猀漀渀 䘀漀甀渀搀愀琀椀漀渀 倀爀椀稀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 倀攀渀渀猀礀氀瘀愀渀椀愀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㐀Ⰰ 椀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㘀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀䤀䈀䄀 䴀攀搀愀氀 愀渀搀 倀爀椀稀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䈀椀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 吀栀攀 倀攀琀攀爀 䴀椀琀挀栀攀氀氀 䴀攀搀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀甀爀漀瀀攀愀渀 䈀椀漀攀渀攀爀最攀琀椀挀猀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀 吀栀攀 䜀愀攀琀愀渀漀 儀甀愀最氀椀愀爀椀攀氀氀漀 倀爀椀稀攀 昀漀爀 刀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀渀 䴀椀琀漀挀栀漀渀搀爀椀愀 戀礀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䈀愀爀椀Ⰰ 䤀琀愀氀礀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㔀Ⰰ 䤀 眀愀猀 攀氀攀挀琀攀搀 愀 䘀攀氀氀漀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀漀礀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㜀Ⰰ 䤀 眀愀猀 洀愀搀攀 愀 䘀攀氀氀漀眀 漀昀 匀椀搀渀攀礀 匀甀猀猀攀砀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀Ⰰ 䌀愀洀戀爀椀搀最攀 愀渀搀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀渀 䠀漀渀漀爀愀爀礀 䘀攀氀氀漀眀 漀昀 匀琀⸀ 䌀愀琀栀攀爀椀渀攀✀猀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀Ⰰ 伀砀昀漀爀搀⸀

਀䤀 洀愀爀爀椀攀搀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀渀愀 圀攀猀琀挀漀琀琀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㌀⸀ 圀攀 栀愀瘀攀 琀眀漀 搀愀甀最栀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 䔀猀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀最攀搀 ㈀㄀ 愀渀搀 䴀椀爀椀愀洀Ⰰ 愀最攀搀 ㄀㤀⸀ 䄀琀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀Ⰰ 戀漀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀洀 愀爀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 猀琀甀搀礀椀渀最 䜀攀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀 愀渀搀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀Ⰰ 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀Ⰰ 愀琀 一漀琀琀椀渀最栀愀洀ⴀ吀爀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 䰀攀攀搀猀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀

਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀㰀⼀栀㐀㸀 ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀㰀猀琀爀漀渀最㸀猀瀀漀渀猀漀爀猀 氀椀渀欀 㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀琀甀渀椀渀最　㘀㌀⸀爀甀⼀∀㸀︀ 㰀⼀愀㸀 㰀戀爀㸀  㰀愀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀爀攀最椀漀渀琀攀栀猀渀愀戀⸀爀甀⼀∀㸀︀ 㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀猀琀爀漀渀最㸀㰀⼀戀漀搀礀㸀㰀⼀栀琀洀氀㸀